"To be clear, the Freedman issue, as it relates to the Choctaw Nation, has nothing to do with race. Tribal membership is based on blood, not race."
Michael Burrage, Chief Counsel Choctaw Nation (Senate Indian Affairs Hearing 27 July 2022)
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| Muskogee Cimiter 01 February 1906 p4c2 |
Icie Jacobs, Chickasaw Freedmen Card #1464, is the daughter of Susan Benton (or Pucknatubby) a full blood Chickasaw Indian Woman and Bob Jackson, a freedman.
The same procedure that was used to enroll Choctaw Freedmen of mixed ancestry was employed to determine Chickasaw ancestry
"Today, Choctaw Nation's tribal membership includes African Americans as well as those from other races. All members of our Tribe share one characteristic in common, they are all Choctaw by blood. They are all the lineal descendants of Choctaw Indians."
Michael Burrage, Chief Counsel Choctaw Nation (Senate Indian Affairs Hearing 27 July 2022)
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| The Daily Ardmoreite April 14, 1907 p6c5&6 |
It's Not About Blood, It's About Race
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| Joe & Dillard Perry Petition to Transfer Files #F-135 Icie Jacobs et a,., p07 |
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| Joe & Dillard Perry Petition to Transfer Files #F-135 Icie Jacobs et a,., p08 |
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| Joe & Dillard Perry Petition to Transfer Files #F-135 Icie Jacobs et a,., p09 |
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| Chickasaw by Blood Denied #D-29 Icie Jacobs et al., |
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